Peter Burke, The Renaissance, Individualism and the Portrait, History of European Ideas 12/3, 1995, 393-400

The portrait usually represents social roles rather that individuals (p. 395).

Auch wurde erstaunlich wenig Wert auf Individualität gelegt, was die Tradierung von Portraits anging:

For instance, Schedel's chronicle used the same woodcut to protray Homer, the prophet Isaiah, Hippocrates, Terence, the medieval lawyer Accursius, and the Renaissance philosopher Filelfo (p. 398).